Workflow for valuating quality of artificial intelligence (ai) services using held-out data

ABSTRACT

One embodiment provides for a method for evaluation of an artificial intelligence (AI) service, the method includes partitioning, by a processor, data into in-domain data and out-of-domain data. The processor defines held-out data from both of the in-domain data and the out-of-domain data for evaluation by each of domain and sub-domain based on building a taxonomy of both domains and sub-domains for the AI service. The held-out data is excluded from training data used for training the AI service. The processor further determines distribution underlying performance metrics for the held-out data using bootstrap validation processing. The processor also determines performance guarantees for multiple settings conditioned on multiple characteristics of an application scenario for the held-out data of the taxonomy based on the underlying performance metrics.

BACKGROUND

Software services based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology oftenrelies on training data. This implies that when the service is deployedon a Customer's data, if there is a mismatch between the Customer's dataand the training data then the service may not perform well.

SUMMARY

Embodiments relate to defining data for evaluating artificialintelligence (AI) services. One embodiment provides for a method forevaluation of an AI service, the method includes partitioning, by aprocessor, data into in-domain data and out-of-domain data. Theprocessor defines held-out data from both of the in-domain data and theout-of-domain data for evaluation by each of domain and sub-domain basedon building a taxonomy of both domains and sub-domains for the AIservice. The held-out data is excluded from training data used fortraining the AI service. The processor further determines distributionunderlying performance metrics for the held-out data using bootstrapvalidation processing. The processor also determines performanceguarantees for multiple settings conditioned on multiple characteristicsof an application scenario for the held-out data of the taxonomy basedon the underlying performance metrics.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become understood with reference to the followingdescription, appended claims and accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a cloud computing environment, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 2 depicts a set of abstraction model layers, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 3 is a network architecture for evaluating quality of artificialintelligence (AI) services, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 shows a representative hardware environment that may beassociated with the servers and/or clients of FIG. 1, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a distributed system forevaluating quality of AI services processing, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example workflow for evaluation of quality of AIservices processing, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram for a process data sub-division forevaluation of quality of AI services processing, according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example taxonomy used forperformance guarantees conditioned on data characteristics processing,according to one embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example block diagram for showing performanceguarantees conditioned on usage characteristics processing, according toone embodiment;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of performing an evaluation of quality ofAI services for determining performance guarantees for portable documentformat (PDF) processing for contracts, according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a process for performing anevaluation of quality of AI services and determining performanceguarantees, according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The descriptions of the various embodiments have been presented forpurposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variationswill be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminologyused herein was chosen to best explain the principles of theembodiments, the practical application or technical improvement overtechnologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinaryskill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes adetailed description of cloud computing, implementation of the teachingsrecited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather,embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented inconjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Embodiments relate to evaluating quality of AI services and determiningperformance guarantees. One embodiment provides a method for evaluationof an AI service, the method includes partitioning, by a processor, datainto in-domain data and out-of-domain data. The processor definesheld-out data from the in-domain data and the out-of-domain data forevaluation by domain and sub-domain based on building a taxonomy ofdomains and sub-domains for the AI service. The processor furtherdetermines distribution underlying performance metrics for the held-outdata using statistical processing. The processor also determinesperformance guarantees for multiple settings conditioned on multiplecharacteristics of an application scenario for the held-out data of thetaxonomy based on the underlying performance metrics. The processorfurther provides confidence intervals based on the performanceguarantees.

Many modern software applications rely on AI, for example automateddriving, extraction from PDFs, etc. AI algorithms often rely on modelsbuilt from training data. A mismatch between training data and unseendata, on which the AI service is later deployed, potentially leads topoor results. In one embodiment, an evaluation process is performed thatis more objective than conventional systems, quantifies performance invarious settings such as performance on different data: within domain,out-of-domain, and differing customer requirements: heavy users andlight users; and provides more informative guarantees on performance ofeach setting. In one embodiment, the performance guarantees may also beused to draw up contracts between the provider of the service and auser.

Conventional evaluation services evaluate AI services on validationdata. Compared to the complete data set U, validation data is typicallysmall. The conventional systems have the following drawbacks: themetrics produced may not have any bearing on unseen data; on differentsets of unseen data, the same AI service may produce results ofdiffering quality; since developers may be able to “see” validationdata, this raises the possibility of “contamination;” and computedmetrics may be biased since validation data is not truly held out.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines (VMs), and services)that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal managementeffort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud modelmay include at least five characteristics, at least three servicemodels, and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded and automatically, without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous,thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or data center).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned and, in some cases, automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active consumer accounts). Resource usage canbe monitored, controlled, and reported, thereby providing transparencyfor both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isthe ability to use the provider's applications running on a cloudinfrastructure. The applications are accessible from various clientdevices through a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g.,web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possibleexception of limited consumer-specific application configurationsettings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isthe ability to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created oracquired applications created using programming languages and toolssupported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control theunderlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operatingsystems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications andpossibly application-hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is the ability to provision processing, storage, networks, andother fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able todeploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systemsand applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is a service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an illustrative cloud computing environment 50is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one ormore cloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA)or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C,and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Nodes 10 maycommunicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as private, community,public, or hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows the cloud computing environment 50 to offerinfrastructure, platforms, and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shownin FIG. 1 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with any type ofcomputerized device over any type of network and/or network addressableconnection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 2, a set of functional abstraction layers providedby the cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 1) is shown. It should beunderstood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shownin FIG. 2 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of theinvention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers andcorresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62;servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks andnetworking components 66. In some embodiments, software componentsinclude network application server software 67 and database software 68.

Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual privatenetworks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtualclients 75.

In one example, a management layer 80 may provide the functionsdescribed below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurementof computing resources and other resources that are utilized to performtasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and pricing 82provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloudcomputing environment and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management 84provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such thatrequired service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planningand fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of,cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipatedin accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtualclassroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94;transaction processing 95; and evaluating quality of AI services anddetermining performance guarantees processing 96. As mentioned above,all of the foregoing examples described with respect to FIG. 2 areillustrative only, and the invention is not limited to these examples.

It is understood all functions of one or more embodiments as describedherein may be typically performed by the processing system 300 (FIG. 3)or the cloud environment 410 (FIG. 4), which can be tangibly embodied ashardware processors and with modules of program code. However, this neednot be the case for non-real-time processing. Rather, for non-real-timeprocessing the functionality recited herein could be carriedout/implemented and/or enabled by any of the layers 60, 70, 80 and 90shown in FIG. 2.

It is reiterated that although this disclosure includes a detaileddescription on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recitedherein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, theembodiments of the present invention may be implemented with any type ofclustered computing environment now known or later developed.

FIG. 3 illustrates a network architecture 300 for evaluating quality ofAI services, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, aplurality of remote networks 302 are provided, including a first remotenetwork 304 and a second remote network 306. A gateway 301 may becoupled between the remote networks 302 and a proximate network 308. Inthe context of the present network architecture 300, the networks 304,306 may each take any form including, but not limited to, a LAN, a WAN,such as the Internet, public switched telephone network (PSTN), internaltelephone network, etc.

In use, the gateway 301 serves as an entrance point from the remotenetworks 302 to the proximate network 308. As such, the gateway 301 mayfunction as a router, which is capable of directing a given packet ofdata that arrives at the gateway 301, and a switch, which furnishes theactual path in and out of the gateway 301 for a given packet.

Further included is at least one data server 314 coupled to theproximate network 308, which is accessible from the remote networks 302via the gateway 301. It should be noted that the data server(s) 314 mayinclude any type of computing device/groupware. Coupled to each dataserver 314 is a plurality of user devices 316. Such user devices 316 mayinclude a desktop computer, laptop computer, handheld computer, printer,and/or any other type of logic-containing device. It should be notedthat a user device 316 may also be directly coupled to any of thenetworks in some embodiments.

A peripheral 320 or series of peripherals 320, e.g., facsimile machines,printers, scanners, hard disk drives, networked and/or local storageunits or systems, etc., may be coupled to one or more of the networks304, 306, 308. It should be noted that databases and/or additionalcomponents may be utilized with, or integrated into, any type of networkelement coupled to the networks 304, 306, 308. In the context of thepresent description, a network element may refer to any component of anetwork.

According to some approaches, methods and systems described herein maybe implemented with and/or on virtual systems and/or systems, whichemulate one or more other systems, such as a UNIX system that emulatesan IBM z/OS environment, a UNIX system that virtually hosts a MICROSOFTWINDOWS environment, a MICROSOFT WINDOWS system that emulates an IBMz/OS environment, etc. This virtualization and/or emulation may beimplemented through the use of VMWARE software in some embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a representative hardware system 400 environment associatedwith a user device 316 and/or server 314 of FIG. 3, in accordance withone embodiment. In one example, a hardware configuration includes aworkstation having a central processing unit 410, such as amicroprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via a systembus 412. The workstation shown in FIG. 4 may include a Random AccessMemory (RAM) 414, Read Only Memory (ROM) 416, an I/O adapter 418 forconnecting peripheral devices, such as disk storage units 420 to the bus412, a user interface adapter 422 for connecting a keyboard 424, a mouse426, a speaker 428, a microphone 432, and/or other user interfacedevices, such as a touch screen, a digital camera (not shown), etc., tothe bus 412, communication adapter 434 for connecting the workstation toa communication network 435 (e.g., a data processing network) and adisplay adapter 436 for connecting the bus 412 to a display device 438.

In one example, the workstation may have resident thereon an operatingsystem, such as the MICROSOFT WINDOWS Operating System (OS), a MAC OS, aUNIX OS, etc. In one embodiment, the system 400 employs a POSIX® basedfile system. It will be appreciated that other examples may also beimplemented on platforms and operating systems other than thosementioned. Such other examples may include operating systems writtenusing JAVA, XML, C, and/or C++ language, or other programming languages,along with an object oriented programming methodology. Object orientedprogramming (OOP), which has become increasingly used to develop complexapplications, may also be used.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a system 500 that may be employedfor evaluating quality of AI services processing, according to oneembodiment. In one embodiment, the system 500 includes client devices510 (e.g., mobile devices, smart devices, computing systems, etc.), acloud or resource sharing environment 520 (e.g., a public cloudcomputing environment, a private cloud computing environment, adatacenter, etc.), and servers 530. In one embodiment, the clientdevices are provided with cloud services from the servers 530 throughthe cloud or resource sharing environment 520.

In one embodiment, system 500, defines and organizes held-out data forevaluation by domain/sub-domain by building and maintaining a taxonomy.The workflow achieves objective evaluation, provides performanceguarantees conditioned on various characteristics of the applicationscenario such as data characteristics (in-domain versus out-of-domain),etc., also supports providing performance guarantees conditioned onvarious user-characteristics (such as number of application programminginterface (API) calls), and provides informative performance guaranteesfor each setting.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example workflow 600 for evaluation of quality ofAI services processing, according to one embodiment. The workflow 600achieves objective evaluation by evaluating on truly held-out dataprotected by enterprise-level security. The held-out data is neveraccessed by developers developing the service and ensures“uncontaminated” development. In one embodiment, when a new datasetarrives, the workflow divides it into representative portions. The oneportion is provided to developers while the remainder is held back forevaluation. The workflow 600 provides performance guarantees conditionedon various characteristics of the application scenario such as datacharacteristics, (in-domain versus out-of-domain) etc. The performanceguarantees are achieved by organizing the data into a taxonomy, and bycharacterizing other aspects of the application. When evaluating aservice, the node(s) in the taxonomy, that the service is devised for,provides in-domain data. Other nodes in the taxonomy provideout-of-domain data. By separately reporting evaluation metrics, oneembodiment ensures the assumptions and parameters for which the serviceis designed is clearly specified. In one embodiment, the workflow 600supports providing performance guarantees conditioned on varioususer-characteristics (e.g., number of API calls, etc.). In oneembodiment, the workflow 600 provides more informative performanceguarantees for each setting. Evaluation metrics reported as simplenumbers are often insufficient due to the universe of data of interestbeing unbounded (in most cases). In one embodiment, the workflowcaptures the underlying distribution of, for example, precision andrecall, and reports, for instance, 95% confidence intervals instead. Inone embodiment, the workflow 600 may perform processing using one ormore hardware processors (e.g., a hardware processor from cloudcomputing environment 50, FIG. 1, hardware and software layer 60, FIG.2, architecture 300, FIG. 3, hardware system 400, FIG. 4, system 500,FIG. 5, etc.).

In one embodiment, block 610 defines domains and sub-domains as anongoing enhancement. The defined domains and sub-domains are stored inthe data store 605 (e.g., memory device(s), disk drive(s), storagesystem, etc.). Block 620 provides labeled data N for sub-domain S forinput to block 630. This is an ongoing process with a manual evaluationand curation. Existing labeled data for S is input to block 630, wheredata selection for sub-domain S occurs. Block 630 determined hold outlabeled data (e.g., datasets model builders cannot access) forevaluation (stored in the data store 605). In one embodiment, standardtechniques to perform block 630 include stratified sampling. In settingswhere classification models are required, stratified sampling allows oneto subdivide data so that the class proportions remain intact. Forinstance, if N contains 30 positive labels and 70 negative labels, thenstratified sampling may be used to divide it into a training set andheld out set so that both sets contain 30:70 positive:negative labels.In certain cases, even stratified sampling may not be needed. Forinstance, consider N that contains documents which contain sentencesthat need to be labeled. If it is assumed that each document containssentences labeled with positive and negative labels in roughly the sameproportion (e.g., each document contains 30% sentences labeled positive,and 70% sentences labeled negative) then simply assigning documentsrandomly to the training and held out set may suffice.

From block 630, labeled data for model training are communicated toblock 640 for model training (e.g., AI, models, deep learning models,machine learning, etc.). While the kind of models trained and the kindof model training algorithms are not critical for block 640, someexample embodiments include deep learning models (convolutional neuralnetworks and recurrent neural networks) trained with mini-batchstochastic gradient methods and convex machine learning models that aremore amenable to full-batch gradient and second-order optimizationtechniques which access the hessian of the objective function to speedup convergence.

Using data from the data store 605, block 650 provides data selectionfor out of domain S. The out of domain data for S is input to block 660that performs evaluation services. In one embodiment, examples ofevaluation services may include cross validation, which divides the(held out) data into K equal parts and estimates the goodness ofpredictions of each part (e.g., in terms of precision and recall, butnot limited to these metrics). Given these results, one embodiment maygain insight into the distribution of the metrics by measuring averageand standard deviation. Another evaluation method that may be used inblock 660 is a bootstrap that actually provides statistical guaranteesbeyond the held out data. As opposed to cross validation, bootstrapvalidation repeatedly creates “new” held out data by randomly samplingfrom the provided held out data. In one embodiment, block 660 may makecopies of data items or does not select a data item for inclusion intothe bootstrap. By measuring goodness of predictions from each bootstrap,one embodiment may gain insight into the distribution underlying eachevaluation metric. By dropping the lowest and highest 2.5% values of aparticular metric, one embodiment may determine the 95% confidenceinterval.

Raw data from the evaluation services block 660 are communicated toblock 670 that includes services (e.g., PDF, natural language processing(NLP), etc.). The service block 670 provides service output data toblock 660 for evaluation services. The output from block 660 includes aquality evaluation for in-domain data and out-of-domain data. Arepresentation, such as JSON 680 (or any other format, such ascomma-separated values (CSV), etc.) may be determined from the output ofblock 660.

FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram for a process 700 for datasub-division for evaluation of quality of AI services processing,according to one embodiment. Block 720 includes data for one or moretaxonomies 721, and a data store 725 for labeled data used forevaluation. In one embodiment, in block 705 new labeled data N for adomain S is input. In block 710, it is determined whether S is presentin a taxonomy. If it is determined that S is not present in a taxonomy,process 700 proceeds to block 740 where process 700 adds a new node torepresent S in a taxonomy and proceeds to block 750. If it is determinedin block 710 that S is present in a taxonomy, process 700 proceeds toblock 750. In block 750, process 700 retrieves and combines the outputfrom block 740 with previously collected labeled data N′ for domain S.Process 700 then proceeds to block 760 where a representative subset H(e.g., 2/7 th) is selected. Process 700 then proceeds to blocks 730 and770. In block 730 process 700 adds subset H to store in the data store725 as held-out data to be used for evaluation. In block 770, theremaining data (i.e., data not selected in block 760) is sent for modeltraining (for a service). In one embodiment, the process 700 may performprocessing using one or more hardware processors (e.g., a hardwareprocessor from cloud computing environment 50, FIG. 1, hardware andsoftware layer 60, FIG. 2, architecture 300, FIG. 3, hardware system400, FIG. 4, system 500, FIG. 5, etc.).

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of an example taxonomy 800 hierarchyused for performance guarantees conditioned on data characteristicsprocessing, according to one embodiment. The example taxonomy 800includes a document(s) 805 that is tied to in-domain data for contractcategory 820, and tied to out-of-domain data 830 including regulationcategory 831, financial report category 832, journal article 834, etc.In one example, the contract category 820 provides in-domain data 810for a service that targets contracts. The out-of-domain data 830provides out-of-domain data 840 for everything accept contract category820. In one example, the contract category 820 is connected to USregulations 850, Europe regulations 851 and China regulations 852. Thedata from US regulations 850, Europe regulations 851 and Chinaregulations 852 is provided for processing 860 including drill-down intofine grained application scenarios, for extracting from contracts 820,where different regulatory bodies may require focusing on differentfeatures. In the example taxonomy 800, the subdomain is defined by thepath.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example 900 block diagram for showing performanceguarantees conditioned on usage characteristics processing, according toone embodiment. In one embodiment, the example 900 includes customer₁905 that may have a need of millions of API calls 915, customer₂ 906that may have a need of thousands of API calls 916, and customer₃ 907that may have a need of tens of API calls 917. For the AI service 920,PDF processing information (e.g., structure extraction, metadataextraction, table extraction, etc.) for precision and recall 930 aregenerated as well as NLP tasks information (e.g., element typeassignment, element categorization, etc.) for precision and recall 935.Given the same AI service 920, it is conceivable that heavy users (e.g.,customer₁ 905) and light users (e.g., customer₃ 907) will encounterdifferent (corpus-level) performance. In one embodiment, to provideperformance guarantees to all kinds of users, the processing needs tocapture the distribution associated with performance metrics. In theexample 900, for large volume customers (e.g., customer₁ 905)performance on customer's data adheres to statistical guarantees such as87% to 93% predictions correct or 45% to 85% predictions correct. Forsmall volume customers (e.g., customer₃ 907) guarantees may not hold.Additionally, estimates will be lower and/or more uncertain onout-of-domain data. One example is that this may manifest itself with awide confidence interval (e.g., precision is between 19% and 99%, etc.).

FIG. 10 illustrates an example 1000 of performing an evaluation ofquality of AI services for determining performance guarantees for PDFprocessing for contracts, according to one embodiment. In the end-to-endexample 1000, data selection for sub-domain 1010 processing providesdata comprising contracts to the data store 605 and receives labeledcontracts 1075 from the data store 605. Labeled regulations, etc. 1070are received by selecting out-of-domain data 1020 processing.Out-of-domain data 1078, selected labeled contracts 1076 and serviceoutput 1079 are received by evaluation services 1030. Raw data 1077 isreceived by the PDF processing service 1040. The output from evaluationservices 1030 includes in-domain metrics 1050 and out-of-domain metrics1055. Information 1060 from in-domain metrics 1050 is generated forprecision and recall for PDF processing. Information 1065 fromout-of-domain metrics 1055 is generated for precision and recall for PDFprocessing. In one embodiment, approaches include cross-validation,leave-one-out validation, etc. Bootstrap can quantify the distributionunderlying common evaluation metrics. A common form of a statisticalguarantee is the 95% confidence interval (e.g., precision E [87%, 93%]).Over time, as processing collects more evaluation data, it is expectedthat estimates of performance metrics becomes less uncertain (e.g., bynarrowing confidence intervals, etc.). In one embodiment, the example1000 may perform processing using one or more hardware processors (e.g.,a hardware processor from cloud computing environment 50, FIG. 1,hardware and software layer 60, FIG. 2, architecture 300, FIG. 3,hardware system 400, FIG. 4, system 500, FIG. 5, etc.).

FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a process 1100 for performing anevaluation of quality of AI services and determining performanceguarantees, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, in block1110 process 1100 partitions, using a hardware processor (e.g., ahardware processor from cloud computing environment 50, FIG. 1, Hardwareand software layer 60, FIG. 2, architecture 300, FIG. 3, hardware system400, FIG. 4, system 500, FIG. 5, etc.) data into in-domain data andout-of-domain data. In block 1120, process 1100 defines, by theprocessor, held-out data from the in-domain data and the out-of-domaindata for evaluation by domain and sub-domain based on building ataxonomy of domains and sub-domains for the AI service. In oneembodiment, the training set and held out set are created once each timeprocess 1100 gets a new labeled dataset N. Once created, the trainingset and held out set are stored for future use. This one-time creationhelps with repeatability and reproducibility. Block 1130 provides fordetermining, by the processor, distribution underlying performancemetrics for the held-out data using statistical processing. In block1140, process 1100 determines, by the processor, performance guaranteesfor multiple settings conditioned on multiple characteristics of anapplication scenario for the held-out data of the taxonomy based on theunderlying performance metrics. In block 1150, process 1100 provides, bythe processor, confidence intervals based on the performance guarantees.

In one embodiment, in process 1100 the performance metrics comprisesprecision information and recall information. In other embodiments,other evaluation metrics may be used (e.g., F-measure, accuracy, etc.).In one embodiment, the held-out data is: protected by enterprise-levelsecurity, never accessed by a developer of the AI service, and ensuresuncontaminated development of the AI service.

In one embodiment, process 1100 may include partitioning, by theprocessor, new data into representative portions. One representativeportion is provided to developers and a second representative portion isdefined as new held-out data. Process 1100 may provide that the multiplecharacteristics comprise data characteristics and user characteristics.

In one embodiment, process 1100 may include that upon evaluating the AIservice, a first portion of nodes in the taxonomy provides the in-domaindata, and second portion of nodes in the taxonomy provide theout-of-domain data. In process 1100, a portion of the in-domain data andthe out-of-domain data undefined as held-out data is communicated astraining data for model training for the AI service.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

References in the claims to an element in the singular is not intendedto mean “one and only” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one ormore.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of theabove-described exemplary embodiment that are currently known or latercome to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended tobe encompassed by the present claims. No claim element herein is to beconstrued under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. section 112, sixthparagraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase“means for” or “step for.”

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for evaluation of an artificialintelligence (AI) service, the method comprising: partitioning, by aprocessor, data into in-domain data and out-of-domain data; defining, bythe processor, held-out data from both of the in-domain data and theout-of-domain data for evaluation by each of domain and sub-domain basedon building a taxonomy of both domains and sub-domains for the AIservice, wherein the held-out data is excluded from training data usedfor training the AI service; determining, by the processor, distributionunderlying performance metrics for the held-out data using bootstrapvalidation processing; and determining, by the processor, performanceguarantees for multiple settings conditioned on multiple characteristicsof an application scenario for the held-out data of the taxonomy basedon the underlying performance metrics.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: providing, by the processor, confidence intervals based onthe performance guarantees; wherein the performance metrics comprisesprecision information and recall information.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein predictions from the bootstrap validation processing are used todetermine insight into a distribution underlying each evaluation metricfor determining the confidence intervals.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the held-out data is: protected by enterprise-level security;never accessed by a developer of the AI service; and ensuresuncontaminated development of the AI service.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the bootstrap validation processing comprises: creating newheld-out data based on random sampling from the held-out data.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein an output from evaluating the AI serviceincludes a quality evaluation for the in-domain data and theout-of-domain data.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the output fromevaluating the AI service is represented in a JavaScript Object Notation(JSON) format or comma-separated values (CSV).
 8. A computer programproduct for evaluation of an artificial intelligence (AI) service, thecomputer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readablestorage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, theprogram instructions executable by a processor to cause the processorto: partition, by the processor, data into in-domain data andout-of-domain data; define, by the processor, held-out data from both ofthe in-domain data and the out-of-domain data for evaluation by each ofdomain and sub-domain based on building a taxonomy of both domains andsub-domains for the AI service, wherein the held-out data is excludedfrom training data used for training the AI service; determine, by theprocessor, distribution underlying performance metrics for the held-outdata using bootstrap validation processing; and determine, by theprocessor, performance guarantees for multiple settings conditioned onmultiple characteristics of an application scenario for the held-outdata of the taxonomy based on the underlying performance metrics.
 9. Thecomputer program product of claim 8, wherein: the program instructionsexecutable by the processor further to cause the processor to: provide,by the processor, confidence intervals based on the performanceguarantees; and the performance metrics comprises precision informationand recall information.
 10. The computer program product of claim 9,wherein predictions from the bootstrap validation processing are used todetermine insight into a distribution underlying each evaluation metricfor determining the confidence intervals.
 11. The computer programproduct of claim 8, wherein the held-out data is: protected byenterprise-level security; never accessed by a developer of the AIservice; and ensures uncontaminated development of the AI service. 12.The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the bootstrapvalidation processing comprises creating new held-out data based onrandom sampling from the held-out data.
 13. The computer program productof claim 8, wherein an output from evaluating the AI service includes aquality evaluation for the in-domain data and the out-of-domain data.14. The computer program product of claim 13, wherein the output fromevaluating the AI service is represented in a JavaScript Object Notation(JSON) format or comma-separated values (CSV).
 15. An apparatuscomprising: a memory configured to store instructions; and a processorconfigured to execute the instructions to: partition data into in-domaindata and out-of-domain data; define held-out data from both of thein-domain data and the out-of-domain data for evaluation by each ofdomain and sub-domain based on building a taxonomy of both domains andsub-domains for an artificial intelligence (AI) service, wherein theheld-out data is excluded from training data used for training the AIservice; determine distribution underlying performance metrics for theheld-out data using bootstrap validation processing; and determineperformance guarantees for multiple settings conditioned on multiplecharacteristics of an application scenario for the held-out data of thetaxonomy based on the underlying performance metrics.
 16. The apparatusof claim 15, wherein: the processor is further configured to execute theinstructions to: provide confidence intervals based on the performanceguarantees; the performance metrics comprises precision information andrecall information; and the held-out data is: protected byenterprise-level security; never accessed by a developer of the AIservice; and ensures uncontaminated development of the AI service. 17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein predictions from the bootstrapvalidation processing are used to determine insight into a distributionunderlying each evaluation metric for determining the confidenceintervals.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the bootstrapvalidation processing comprises: creating new held-out data based onrandom sampling from the held-out data.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15,wherein an output from evaluating the AI service includes a qualityevaluation for the in-domain data and the out-of-domain data.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the output from evaluating the AI serviceis represented in a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format orcomma-separated values (CSV).